"The Nuremberg Trials" was the world's first attempt to apply the rule of law to the excesses of war. Its tribunal judged, 24 of the most egregious offenders of the losing side on charges of crimes against peace (i.e., waging a "war of aggression"), war crimes and crimes against humanity. The first charge was problematic in a number of ways, although the easiest to prove. The charge of "war crimes" related to atrocities performed by the Nazis in relation to the prosecution of the war itself. "Crimes against humanity" were defined in the Nuremberg charter as "murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war". Individual defendants included Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess and Albert Speer as well as Julius Streicher, Baldur von Schirach and Karl Doenitz. In his closing remarks, U.S. prosecutor Robert Jackson summed up the responsibilities of Hitler's minions in an historic speech. "I admit that Hitler was the chief villain. But for the defendants to put all blame on him is neither manly nor true. We know that even the head of the state has the same limits to his senses and to the hours of his days as do lesser men. He must rely on others to be his eyes and ears as to most that goes on in a great empire. Other legs must run his errands; other hands must execute his plans. On whom did Hitler rely?".
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